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A systematic review of the methodology of trade-off analysis in agriculture

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One recurring concern in the literature is the frequent omission of stakeholders at the onset of the TOA, potentially limiting the practical application of TOA results6,8. Our findings partially support these concerns, given that co-development with stakeholders was observed in only 10% of the articles. Our analysis shows that farmers and experts were the primary stakeholders included in the articles. Nonetheless, the omission of distant beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries is noteworthy as they are likely to be relevant to the decision-making process in numerous cases, especially when off-site effects are considered in TOAs conducted on multiple scales.

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Notably, the ‘poverty’ and ‘soil erosion’ indicators were under-represented in articles considering off-site effects (Fig. 5b). Eight indicators were excluded in articles considering multiple spatial scales in modelling or data collection (‘discipline’ in Fig. 5b). This finding is particularly striking for ‘biodiversity’, given that it constitutes a large share of spatially explicit TOA methods (Fig. 1). Contemporary agriculture should not only provide food, fibre, feed and fuel but also environmental and socio-economic benefits for rural communities and beyond1.

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Packaging Design has a significant impact on a product’s sortability, and therefore recyclability. If a container cannot be identified properly by NIR, it has high probability of ending up in a landfill. Packaging features like color, labels, additives and more can impact a packages ability to be identified.

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For instance, market supply or demand (economic) is irrelevant at low geographical scales (field and farm) as prices are determined at the regional (local), national or international scale. The articles that included a risk analysis showed stark contrasts between TOA indicators with respect to their representation relative to all articles. Economic and human health indicators were particularly over-represented, while ‘yield’, ‘input efficiency’ and a set of biophysical indicators were under-represented (Fig. 5c). For articles in which uncertainty was acknowledged or validation was performed, no indicators were over- or under-represented relative to their inclusion across all articles (Fig. 5c).

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Stylists work with tailors to outfit sports figures, celebrities, and specialty customers. Costume designers work with tailors to create multiple versions of garments needed in film production, and customers seeking individual design and fit seek out the assistance of professional tailors. Fashion Merchandising is the-planning, organization, and development of fashion products to be sold at a profit. The program at LATTC is unique in that it offers instruction covering both manufacturing processes and retail expertise.

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Thus, to reconcile the demands of agriculture and inform decision-making, an analysis is required of potential trade-offs measured against agronomic, environmental, economic and social indicators3. For instance, future studies should include multi- and cross-scale effects when relevant to the research objectives. We have identified an opportunity for multi-scale analysis, given that many studies aggregated farm- or field-scale data before performing TOA at a regional scale.

Robustness of TOA results

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Posted: Wed, 08 Mar 2023 08:00:00 GMT [source]

The articles were clustered by TOA indicator (row-wise) and TOA indicator clusters (column-wise). The associations of articles with clusters are indicated by the colours and labels on the left of the figure; the colours are arbitrary. TOA indicator clusters (top x axis) are specified by colour, corresponding to the main indicator categories (legend in top left of the figure), and their name (bottom x axis). The matrix indicates whether a TOA indicator has been included in an article (red) or not (beige). Traditional artists and conventional designers continue as before but have incorporated digital software within their accomplished collection of talents. This blending of tradition and technology is the primary emphasis within the Visual Communications program.

Special Modern Design has worked with Retro Game Trade, Pogo Pictures, Brand New You, and Formlab. Including a scenario in the TOA allows investigation of the effect of a postulated event or driver on the TOA indicators. In our analysis, scenarios focusing on climate, behavioural or demographic change accounted for 14% of the articles, while scenarios involving alternative intensities of resource use constituted 37% of the articles.

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The agency's artists paint on surfaces ranging from smooth concrete to stucco and glass. Vivache Designs collaborates with its clients to determine their desired style and complexity, such as text-heavy signage murals or highly-detailed landscape scenes and street art. Design Trade Service digitally connects designers and with home furnishings manufacturers.

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You can adjust your selections at any time prior to entering your payment information and confirming the order. DTS standard shipping costs require your order to ship to a commercial receiver that can accommodate a highway transport truck. The collective strength of our group purchasing allows us to pass on significant discounts to you without any requirement for minimum purchases. Whether you place your order online or with one of our client support staff, we take it from there.

And with weekly updates, designers know where their orders stand and what to tell their clients.“The customer service reps the designers are talking to understand their needs in the industry,” Wyers notes. For interior designers, the furniture trade has been too complex and too costly for too long. Design Trade Service is changing that by building the most powerful designer buying group in the furniture industry. As a DTS member, you’ll enjoy 24/7 access to the products offered by the industry’s leading manufacturers, along with the lowest product and shipping costs provided instantly. We followed the approach of Lautenbach et al. and Seppelt et al. in their systematic review of the literature on ecosystem services9,22.

Computer technology plays an important role in the program offering instruction on AIMS software.Retail is a major industry in Southern California and fashion constitutes one of its largest segments. One of the challenges throughout this COVID-19 year has been connecting with manufacturers for the furniture, lighting and other decor needed to complete interior design projects. Attending markets has been challenging, supply chain issues have sparked delays, and the discovery, pricing and delivery process with each individual vendor takes time. We actually founded DTS because an array of sourcing problems experienced by designers. We provide what no one else has been able to provide to date—the ability to source products from major vendors quickly, easily and at competitive prices. We are a young company with 50-plus manufacturers and 100,000 products available at designer net pricing.

Furthermore, we’ll look after tracking your shipment and keep you updated on its progress. This is the second dispute case initiated by South Africa regarding the EU's import measures on citrus fruit. In July 2022, South Africa initiated a case challenging EU phytosanitary requirements for the importation of oranges and other citrus products related to the pest Thaumatotibia leucotreta, known as false codling moth (DS613).

Graduating students acquire visual sensitivities with respect to type, images and graphics; they are trained in the visual software used by industry, and understand marketing as it applies to commercial art. Additionally, graduates market their work appropriately to specific audiences for freelance opportunities. The LATTC Tailoring Certificate program is uniquely designed for the working adult. Courses are offered during evening and weekend hours and cover all aspects of the pattern making and construction techniques necessary to complete tailored garments. Courses include construction techniques for bespoke men’s and women’s garments including trousers, jackets and coats.

Specialty skill instruction like dimensional letters, sandblasted signs, gold leaf and high-end layout and design are offered to advanced students. Advanced students participate in a business module for pricing and eventual self-employment. This marketplace, free to designer members, has seen a significant uptick in business this past year as purchasing furniture online has become the norm.

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